History of the Cairn Terrier
The Cairn Terrier originates from the Isle of Skye and is recognized as one of Scotland’s earliest recognized working dogs. One of the smallest of the go-to-ground terriers, the Cairn was developed to dig into cairns and flush out smaller creatures. In its native land, a “cairn” is a mound of stones used as a boundary or grave marker where rodents liked to live. The local dogs would also hunt in packs to pursue foxes, otters, and other predators. The Cairn’s independence, courage, toughness, and awareness served it well when digging and when it was confronted by sharp-toothed quarry.
Cairns were known from the 1600s, but initially, this breed was categorized as a form of “Skye Terrier“ alongside the ancestors of the Scottish and West Highland White Terriers. A Highland sportsman by the name of Captain Martin MacLeod used his dogs to hunt otters. Later enthusiasts included a gamekeeper named Mr. John Macdonald who carried on Macleod’s Drynock strain as the 20th century approached. All of his dogs descended from the Cairn’s earliest progenitors.
In 1912, The Royal Kennel Club of the United Kingdom gave the Cairn Terrier a separate breed designation. In 1912, the first year of recognition, 134 Cairn Terriers were registered, and shortly afterwards, the breed was given Championship status.
While most Cairn Terriers are no longer used for their original purpose, they remain independent and feisty small dogs that enjoy hunting, digging, and playing with their people. Thankfully, the range and availability of canine sports has grown rapidly in recent years, and there’s a dog sport that’s ideal for every Cairn.
The Cairn Terrier – What to Consider?
The Cairn Terrier, with its friendliness, playfulness, and loyalty, is a great choice among single dog people and families. However, as with any breed and mixed breed, the breed’s high level of energy and its hunting instincts come with responsibilities that should be considered before acquiring a Cairn.
Home Life
Interaction With Family
The level of affection a breed typically shows towards family members and familiar individuals will vary. While some breeds may only show genuine warmth towards their owner, remaining standoffish with strangers, other breeds will treat everyone they meet as if they are their closest friend.
Independent Affectionate
Good With Other Dogs
The innate friendliness of a dog towards other dogs can depend on its breed. Although supervision is always recommended during introductions, certain breeds tend to be inherently more or less sociable with other dogs, whether in a home setting or in public spaces.
Not Recommended Reliable With Other Dogs
Good With Young Children
The degree to which a breed will typically be patient with young children, and its overall suitability as a family member, will vary. It is important to always supervise interactions between dogs and the kids in the house, as well as with children who are not accustomed to being around dogs.
Not Recommended Dependable With Children
Upkeep
Amount Of Shedding
The amount of hair that a dog sheds will typically depend on its breed. Heavy-shedding breeds require more frequent brushing, have a higher chance of activating specific allergies, and often necessitate more frequent use of the vacuum cleaner and lint rollers.
Low High
Frequency Of Grooming
The regularity with which a breed needs bathing, brushing, trimming, or other forms of coat care is an all-important consideration. When evaluating the grooming effort required, consider your available time, patience, and budget. It is important to note that all breeds need routine ear, teeth, and nail care.
Monthly Daily
Amount Of Drooling
The tendency of a breed to drool significantly varies from breed to breed. For those who prefer cleanliness or are particular about keeping things tidy, breeds that are likely to leave trails of drool on your arm or large slobbery marks on your clothing and furniture might not be the best fit.
Low High
Coat Type
smooth
wiry
hairless
rough
corded
double
curly
wavy
sikly
Behavior
Acceptance Of New People
The likelihood of a breed to be friendly towards strangers will vary. While some breeds may consistently exhibit reserve or caution around unfamiliar people, regardless of the setting, others are often eager to greet and interact with any new person they meet.
Reserved Outgoing
Protective Nature
The propensity of a dog to notify you of the presence of strangers is breed-dependent. Some breeds are more inclined to respond to any perceived threat, be it the mailman or a squirrel outside the window. However, most breeds are generally more accepting of strangers who are welcomed by their human family members.
Minimal Interest Maximum Vigilance
Playfulness Level
The likelihood of a breed remaining playful beyond puppyhood will vary. Certain breeds retain their enthusiasm for activities like tug-of-war or games of fetch well into their adult years, whereas others are more content to simply lounge on the sofa with you for the majority of time.
Low High
Adaptability Level
The ease with which a breed can adapt to changes in its environment can vary greatly. This adaptability encompasses how well a breed is likely to cope with alterations to its home and yard, noise levels, weather conditions, daily routines, and other fluctuations in everyday life.
Low High
Personality
Trainability Level
The ease with which a dog can be trained and its eagerness to learn new skills can depend on the breed. Some breeds are naturally inclined to please their owners and will readily accept training, while others tend to follow their own desires, often showing independence in how, when, and where they choose to do things.
Stubborn Eager
Barking Level
The frequency of vocalization, including barking and howling, will vary from breed to breed. Some may bark at each person who passes by and every bird in the sky, while others will typically bark only for a good reason. Additionally, a few breeds that do not typically bark will still be vocal, using different sounds to communicate.
Quiet Vocal
Energy Level
The level of physical exercise and mental engagement required will depend on the breed. High-energy breeds are always on the go. They are enthusiastic about their next activity and tend to be busy most of the time, running, jumping, and playing throughout the day. In contrast, low-energy breeds are akin to couch potatoes, content to just lounge around and take naps throughout the day.
Couch Potato Busybody
Need For Mental Stimulation
The extent of mental stimulation needed to keep a dog content and healthy will vary by breed. Dogs bred for specific purposes may need tasks involving decision-making, problem-solving, and concentration. Without sufficient mental exercise, these dogs can resort to creating their own activities to engage their minds, resulting in unwanted behaviors like chewing, digging, and escaping.
Minimal Engagement Intensive Interaction
Cairn Terrier Health
The Cairn Terrier is typically a healthy animal, but like all dogs, some individuals may be prone to genetic health issues due to indiscriminate breeding practices. This is why it’s always best to contact a preservation breeder who is a member of a Cairn Terrier club for information about obtaining a new puppy or adult dog.
Lifespan: The average lifespan of the Cairn Terrier is 13 to 15 years, but with proper care, a balanced diet, and regular check-ups, many can thrive even beyond these years.
Potential Health Risks
Although generally a healthy breed, some Cairn Terriers may be prone to certain health conditions, including:
- Craniomandibular Osteopathy: This condition affects the skull of a growing puppy, with irregular bone growth and swollen jaws and glands. The first symptoms usually appear between four and eight months old. The cause is unknown but is believed to be hereditary. Pain relievers and anti-inflammatories can help the puppy with this painful condition. The irregular bone growth typically stops by itself when the Cairn is one year old.
- Cryptorchidism: The failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum is known as cryptorchidism. By the time the puppy is two to six months old, the testicles should have descended. If a testicle is left behind, it is usually inoperable and can develop twisting or tumors if not removed. Treatment is surgical neutering and is overwhelmingly successful.
- Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy: This is a degenerative disease of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. Affected dogs usually die early if not treated, but there is a test that can identify carriers of the disease.
- Hypothyroidism: This is a condition of the thyroid gland. Alopecia (hair loss), obesity, lethargy, hyperpigmentation, pyoderma, and other skin diseases are thought to be caused by this disease. Hypothyroidism is typically treated with medication and a healthy diet.
- Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: This condition involves the hip joint. With it, the blood supply to the head of the femur (large rear leg bone) is decreased, so the head of the femur begins to disintegrate. Limping and atrophy of the leg muscle are the first symptoms, usually occurring between four and six months of age. This condition can be treated with surgery.
- Patellar Luxation: The patella is also known as the kneecap, and luxation is defined as the dislocation of an anatomical part. Patellar Luxation occurs when the knee joint moves in and out of the position, causing pain. This can be crippling, yet many dogs with this condition can lead normal lives.
- Ocular Melanosis/Secondary Glaucoma: Also known as pigmentary glaucoma, this is a painful condition that appears between seven and twelve years of age in Cairns. The condition usually affects both eyes. If diagnosed in time, it can be treated with medication.
- Portosystemic Liver Shunt: This is a birth defect in which blood arteries allow blood to bypass the liver. As a result, the blood is not properly cleansed by the liver. Surgery is almost always the best option.
Cairn Terrier Personality
The Cairn Terrier is a real terrier; independent, alert, and intelligent. However, the Cairn is also wonderfully friendly and outgoing. Temperament, it should be noted, can be affected by several factors such as heredity, training, and socialization.
Early socialization is always key. Exposure to different people, sights, sounds, and experiences while young is important for the Cairn. This breed is happy and cheerful, and typically enjoys meeting new people. Of course, these dogs are devoted to family and like to be a part of their owners’ lives. Playing with kids can be their favorite activity at home. It’s important to note that Cairns are very sensitive and don’t like being left alone for too long.
Cairns are curious dogs and are quick to learn. Due to their independence and stubbornness, however, they must know who is in charge. Otherwise, they will take control of things themselves. Early training and socialization tend to help with this sometimes challenging situation.
Because of the Cairn’s high energy level, the top of the list of activities that can be expected are digging, barking, and chasing. When outdoors, these dogs will chase any small animal if given the chance. For example, cats, rabbits, and even small dogs can be considered their quarry. Because of this, they should always be walked on a leash in public places and given a free-run only in a securely fenced yard. Cairns are typically good watchdogs and will always announce visitors.
Overall, the Cairn Terrier is a family dog and a wonderful companion. The breed needs to be in the house or wherever its family goes. It is a great choice for people who want an independent, playful, and alert companion that desires (demands) to be by their side.
Cairn Terrier Feeding & Nutrition
The Cairn Terrier should thrive on a high-quality food, whether purchased commercially or cooked at home with a veterinarian’s guidance. The daily amount of food that is recommended is one-half to one cup, divided into two meals.
The Cairn’s diet should be tailored to the age of the dog (puppy, adult, or senior), and its size, build, metabolism, and activity level. Highly active dogs will need more food than those that are less active.
High-quality food provides more nourishment, so less will be needed. The food should be measured and split into two meals per day rather than one. Also, it’s important never to leave food out all day and avoid feeding prepackaged food for people; however, if needed, it is safe to supplement with natural foods such as carrots, peppers, blueberries, broccoli, and cauliflower.
In case of a lack of nutrients in the dog’s food, the best supplements to give a Cairn are multivitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and fish oil.
To check if a Cairn is overweight, both the eye test and the hands-on test should be given. When looking down on the dog, a waist should be apparent. By placing hands on the back and thumbs along the spine, it should be possible to feel, but not see, the ribs. If this is not the case, the dog needs less food and more exercise. Before making any changes to a Cairn’s diet, it’s essential to always check with a veterinarian first.
Cairn Terrier Training
The Cairn Terrier is a breed known for its lively and tenacious nature. This zest for life, combined with an innate intelligence, makes this dog both a joy to own and a challenge to train.
For those wondering about the Cairn’s ease of training, these dogs can be quite independent. They have a strong-willed nature, often making them appear rather stubborn. This doesn’t mean they’re untrainable, however. It just requires a consistent and patient approach. Positive reinforcement methods, using treats or praise, typically work best with this breed. Cairns often respond well to rewards, and this can be a great incentive for them to learn.
When it comes to vocalizations, Cairns are known to be quite expressive. They might not always bark without a reason, but they’re certainly not silent dogs. Their barking could be in response to unfamiliar sounds or strangers, thus making them decent watchdogs. It’s essential to teach them the “quiet” command early on to manage any unnecessary barking.
In terms of intelligence, this breed is undoubtedly smart. The Cairn’s intelligence, combined with a curious nature, can sometimes lead this dog into mischief if not directed appropriately. Training sessions should be regularly provided, but kept short and engaging to hold the student’s attention.
Lastly, the Cairn Terrier’s predation instinct is something to consider. Given the breed’s history as a hunter of small vermin, these dogs have a relatively high prey drive. While this might not pose a problem for most people, those with smaller pets like hamsters or birds should be cautious.
Cairn Terrier Exercise
A big dog in a small package, that’s what the Cairn Terrier is. This is a tireless and high-energy dog that approaches life with zest. The Cairn is intelligent and quick to learn, so this vigor is not just about running around. Many of these dogs enjoy companion and performance events, and most like to dig. So, Barn Hunt may be a great activity for expending excess energy while having a good time.
Exercise Expectations
| Energy Level |
High |
| Exercise Requirements |
1 Hour/Day (Minimum), Daily Walks, Vigorous Running, Regular Exercise, Playing with Another Dog, Mental Stimulation |
The exercise needs of Cairn puppies are different from those of adults, since their bodies are developing and not yet fully mature. Play should be supervised and regular periods of rest need to be scheduled. Older Cairns, despite their graying muzzles and stiffened joints, should still be active enough to maintain muscling and mobility.
Daily walks are essential to release the Cairn’s energy reserves. These excursions must be up to one hour a day in length, and two walks a day are best, if possible. Without this exercise, this dog can develop behavior issues such as barking, digging, and even going on an unscheduled exploration.
The three main types of exercise for this breed would be daily walks, high-intensity playtime, and mental stimulation. Cairns should be provided with the right kind of toy as a great way to burn energy and stimulate their active minds.
Cairn Terrier Grooming
The Cairn Terrier is double-coated, which helps the breed through different climate changes. The coat is profuse and weather-resistant and protective, although it does shed throughout the year. Regular grooming is required to keep the coat in fine condition.
Grooming Expectations
| Coat Type |
Double, Wiry |
| Grooming Requirements |
Weekly Brushing, Occasional Bathing, Intermittent Hand-Stripping, Routine Ear Cleaning, Periodic Nail Trimming, Regular Tooth Brushing |
Weekly brushing and combing should be done to check the hair and skin, and hand-stripping is necessary to maintain the coat’s proper texture.
Because of the Cairn Terrier’s water-resistant coat, bathing is recommended only once every few months. If bathed more often, there’s a chance of damaging the hair and their natural protective oils. When bathing, it’s important to always choose a shampoo for a “hard“ coat.
Trimming should be done by a professional groomer and includes some trimming of hair around the Cairn’s eyes for both aesthetic and health reasons. Also, it’s important to make sure the dog’s feet are trimmed, since this is an active breed that is always ready for adventure.
Lastly, the Cairn Terrier’s nails should be trimmed regularly, because overgrown nails are uncomfortable for the dog and can even cause pain. Trimmed nails are essential and allow the dog to move freely without discomfort.
Living With a Cairn Terrier
Energetic, curious, independent, and healthy is everything a Cairn Terrier is. The nature of this breed is one of adaptability, whether the dog is living in an apartment or a countryside home. The Cairn can happily thrive in just about any living environment.
If a person’s lifestyle necessitates frequent travel or a relocation, the Cairn will be highly adaptable to the change and will eagerly welcome the new surroundings. The breed’s adaptability makes it ideal for families that value flexibility in their lives.
Because of the Cairn’s double, weather-resistant coat, this breed adapts well to living in a variety of climates. The soft and furry undercoat keeps the dog cool in the summer heat and warm in the winter or when it’s raining. The breed’s undercoat does an amazing job at keeping these dogs dry.
Although small in size, the Cairn Terrier is big in terms of energy. The level of energy is typically high, and this requires regular walks and exercise to expend that accumulated energy. Mental stimulation is also important for Cairns to prevent them from developing behavior problems and even becoming aggressive out of frustration and boredom.
When contemplating a Cairn as a family companion or introducing it to other animals, compatibility must be considered. While these dogs can be fantastic with children and other pets when properly socialized, understanding the breed’s prey drive and energy levels is key for managing relationships effectively.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How long does a Cairn Terrier live?
The Cairn Terrier has a typical lifespan of around 13 to 15 years, though some can live even longer with proper care. It’s important to note that a balanced diet, regular exercise, and consistent veterinary care are essential factors for ensuring a long and healthy life.
Do Cairn Terriers shed?
Cairn Terriers are considered to be a low to moderate shedding breed. While they do shed, their shedding is not excessive. Regular grooming and brushing can help to manage the hair loss, and pet Cairns particularly benefit from regular visits to professional groomers.
How big does a Cairn Terrier get?
The Cairn Terrier is a small breed, standing around 9.5 to 10 inches tall at the shoulders. It’s worth noting that the size of the individual dog can vary, so it’s important to acquire one from a reputable breeder known for producing dogs that conform to the Breed Standard.
How fast can a Cairn Terrier run?
Cairn Terriers are generally quite agile and can run at speeds of around 15 to 20 miles per hour, depending on the individual fitness and energy level of the dog. While the breed has moderate activity needs, it’s notable that the Cairn has a natural inclination to dig, often displaying this behavior while exploring its surrounding environment.
How much does a Cairn Terrier weigh?
Cairn Terriers typically weigh between 13 and 14 pounds. While there’s a general weight range, the size and weight of an individual Cairn can vary. So, when looking to acquire one, it’s best to consult with breeders who are known for producing dogs that fit within the desired specifications.
Is the Cairn Terrier a good family dog?
Yes, the Cairn Terrier is known for its affectionate and lively nature, making these dogs excellent family companions. They generally get along well with children and other pets when socialized from a young age. The breed’s versatility is well-suited for people in all stages of life, from young families to active adults and the elderly.
Is the Cairn Terrier hypoallergenic?
The Cairn Terrier is not considered hypoallergenic. While no dog is completely hypoallergenic, some breeds are less likely to trigger allergies in sensitive individuals due to their low-shedding (or absent) coats. Cairns do shed to some extent, which can potentially cause allergies in people who are prone to them. Regular grooming and cleaning can help with controlling any allergens.
When is a Cairn Terrier full-grown?
A Cairn Terrier typically reaches its full-grown size and physical maturity at around 12 to 18 months of age. By this time, most will have achieved their adult height and weight. To encourage optimum health during the later years, it’s essential to feed the Cairn a high-quality diet and provide regular opportunities to exercise.
Are Cairn Terriers loyal to one person?
Cairn Terriers are known for their loyalty and often form strong bonds with their human companions. While they can be sociable and friendly towards the entire family, it’s not uncommon for them to display a particular attachment to one specific person. This loyalty, paired with the breed’s alert and protective nature, typically makes these dogs an excellent choice for a canine companion.
Can a Cairn Terrier be left alone?
Like most dogs, the Cairn Terrier prefers the company of their human family members and may experience separation anxiety if left alone for extended periods. If the dog becomes bored or anxious, it might engage in a few destructive behaviors. If a Cairn needs to be left alone regularly, it’s essential to provide it with toys and puzzles, or consider getting another companion to help mitigate the loneliness.
Do Cairn Terriers bark a lot?
Cairn Terriers can be quite vocal. Their natural instinct as terriers is to alert their owners of any perceived threats, which can include unfamiliar noises or strangers approaching the house or yard. Proper training and socialization from a young age can help to manage and reduce excessive barking.
Are Cairn Terriers high or low maintenance?
In terms of grooming, Cairn Terriers are a moderate maintenance breed. Their wiry coat requires occasional brushing and infrequent baths to maintain its natural state, and periodic stripping of the dead hairs is necessary to keep a dog looking like the champions that compete at dog shows. However, in terms of energy and mental stimulation, they are moderately high maintenance. These active little terriers benefit from regular exercise and activities that will challenge their intelligent and curious minds.
